Proctology examination is a specialized examination that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the anus, rectum, and colon. This examination is essential to prevent and treat gastrointestinal disorders.

An andrological examination is a specific medical examination focusing on treating disorders of the male genital apparatus and urinary tract. 
Conducted by an andrologist, this examination is crucial for diagnosing, treating, and preventing various conditions that impact men’s sexual and reproductive health. Indeed, an andrological examination identifies sexual dysfunctions, such as erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and decreased libido, at an early stage. Intervening early in this respect significantly improves the quality of the patient’s sex life. 

Andrologists can perform tests to detect prostate diseases through digital rectal examination and PSA (prostate-specific antigen) tests, diagnostic tools identifying prostate abnormalities at an early stage. An andrological examination often includes an assessment of male fertility, which may involve semen analysis and assessing hormone levels. This is essential for couples of childbearing age to help them understand the cause of potential male infertility problems.

A urological check-up is a comprehensive examination of the urinary tract conducted by an andrologist. It should be performed periodically to maintain good urological health and prevent disease. Indeed, a urological check-up can detect a range of urological conditions, such as bladder, kidney, prostate, and testicular tumours, at an early stage. Monitoring prostate health is essential for men, as this check-up—thanks to specific tests such as digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen testing—can detect anomalies that could lead to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer. Such a urological check-up can also detect kidney stones through ultrasound or other imaging tests, allowing the early treatment of a condition that causes intense pain and complications if not appropriately treated.

Robotic urological surgery is an advanced technique that uses robotic systems to assist surgeons in performing complex operations on the urinary and male reproductive systems. One of the best-known systems is the Da Vinci Robot, which enables surgeons to operate with greater precision, flexibility, and control than traditional surgery. Robotic urological surgery allows exact movements thanks to the robotic arms and the precision with which they work. This is especially useful in delicate procedures, such as radical prostatectomy, where precision is crucial to preserve surrounding nerves and structures. The instruments used in this form of surgery are smaller and less invasive than those employed in traditional surgery, resulting in less damage to surrounding tissues and reducing the risk of postoperative complications. Thanks to its minimally invasive nature and reduced tissue trauma, patients undergoing robotic urological surgery experience less pain after surgery, reducing the need for painkillers and improving postoperative recovery. Moreover, the greater precision and control offered by this surgery leads to less blood loss during the procedure, reducing the need for transfusions and related complications.

Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging technique that combines X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of various body parts. For example, it provides images of internal organs, including the brain, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, intestines, bones, and blood vessels. It allows doctors to identify anatomical abnormalities such as lesions, tumours, stones, fractures, and other pathological conditions. CT helps plan surgical procedures and radiotherapy, allowing surgeons and oncologists to identify the exact size and location of lesions and, consequently, structure the best interventional and therapeutic approach. In the follow-up phase, CT is a valuable tool for monitoring the patient’s response to surgical treatment, which requires long-term monitoring.

Ultrasound, or ultrasonography, is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures. It is a noninvasive and safe technique, as it does not use ionising radiation, making it a reliable solution for many diagnostic applications, including pregnancy. Ultrasound can also be used to examine internal organs such as the liver, kidneys, heart, thyroid, spleen, and pancreas, detecting structural abnormalities, cysts, tumours, and stones. Ultrasound also extends to the cardiovascular area, assessing heart functions and structures and diagnosing conditions such as congenital heart disease, valve disease, and heart failure. Ultrasound is performed quickly, providing immediate results, essential in emergencies.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an advanced imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of organs, tissues, and body structures. It provides the patient with an accurate diagnosis of pathological conditions such as tumours, injuries, inflammations, and congenital anomalies. Due to its high sensitivity to soft tissues, MRI is particularly effective in assessing neurological, musculoskeletal, vascular, and central nervous system conditions. Unlike computed tomography (CT), MRI does not use ionising radiation, reducing the risk of exposure to X-rays and making it a safer choice for patients requiring repeated imaging exams. MRI covers various anatomical areas and can assess various regions, including the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, muscles, and joints. MRI can diagnose complex and multifactorial pathologies involving multiple organ systems thanks to its ability to produce detailed images of soft tissues and anatomical features.