Cycloergometer exercise testing is a test that assesses cardiovascular response during controlled physical activity. By monitoring the heart under exercise, it is possible to identify the presence of any cardiac problems (arrhythmias, latent ischemia at rest).

The cardiac holter is a test that monitors the heart's electrical activity continuously for 24-48 hours and is essential for diagnosing heart rhythm disorders and planning possible therapeutic interventions.

Pressure monitoring measures blood pressure continuously to detect changes throughout the day and night. This test is useful for diagnosing hypertension and for detecting spikes in blood pressure.

Angiological examination is a specialized examination that assesses the health of blood vessels, both arterial and venous, through blood flow examinations aimed at detecting specific pathologies (varicose veins, atherosclerosis, or thrombosis).

A cardiological examination is a clinical examination that assesses the health of the heart and cardiovascular system. This examination is essential to prevent and diagnose any cardiac abnormalities or risks (arrhythmias, hypertension, coronary diseases).

Cardiac rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary program that helps patients recover after cardiovascular surgeries. It combines controlled exercise, nutritional support, and stress management in order to improve cardiac function.

Echocardiogram is a noninvasive test that uses ultrasound to study the structures of the heart to assess its function. This test can detect cardiac abnormalities, such as valvular insufficiencies, cardiomyopathies, or congenital defects.

A cardiac check-up is a series of examinations that assess the health of the heart and blood vessels. These tests can detect potential heart problems or risk factors early, allowing the surgeon to act preventatively. A cardiac check-up can detect conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and valvular diseases at an early stage. Early diagnosis of such conditions enables appropriate treatment, preventing heart attacks or strokes. During these examinations, cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, age) are studied to manage them and prevent the subject’s condition from worsening. An essential component of these examinations is measuring blood pressure, as hypertension is a significant risk factor for many heart and vascular diseases. Therefore, regular blood pressure monitoring helps detect and manage the problem at an early stage. A cardiac check-up also includes assessing heart function and providing crucial information on heart health.

Cardiac surgery is a branch that diagnoses and surgically treats heart and blood vessel diseases. Through procedures such as coronary bypass or valve repair, cardiac surgery improves the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively. Cardiac surgery significantly increases the long-term survival chances for some patients with severe heart problems—such as advanced coronary artery disease or severe heart failure. For patients with severe symptoms—such as chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or fatigue caused by heart problems—cardiac surgery alleviates or eliminates these symptoms, optimising heart function. Procedures like coronary bypass, included in cardiac surgery, can prevent or reduce the risk of future serious complications (heart attacks or strokes), improving blood flow to the heart.

Interventional cardiology and haemodynamics is a specialised branch of cardiology focusing on using minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to diagnose and treat a wide range of heart disorders. For example, coronary angioplasty, often combined with stent implantation, is used to open blocked or narrowed coronary arteries. This procedure restores blood flow to the heart, reducing the risk of myocardial infarction. Interventional procedures in this branch of cardiology alleviate symptoms related to heart disease—such as angina pectoris—optimising blood flow to the heart muscle and relieving patients from chest pain. Specific procedures like TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation) can treat heart valve diseases without resorting to open-heart surgery. Indeed, interventional cardiology and haemodynamics procedures are often less invasive than traditional cardiac surgery. This may lead to quicker patient recovery times.

Arterial vascular ultrasound is a noninvasive procedure to assess the structure and function of blood vessels, including arteries. This imaging technique is widely used in cardiology to diagnose and monitor various heart and vascular conditions. Indeed, arterial vascular ultrasound can detect atherosclerotic plaques or narrowing of blood vessels (stenosis) at an early stage. This helps doctors identify the risk of coronary artery disease or other vascular conditions in good time. Arterial vascular ultrasound can also assess the severity of vascular lesions that may affect blood flow and heart function. After starting treatment for a vascular condition, arterial vascular ultrasound monitors the patient’s response to treatment over time. For example, it is possible to assess the reduction in the size of atherosclerotic plaques or the restoration of blood flow after surgery or medical treatment.

Echocardiography, commonly known as an echocardiogram (or cardiac ultrasound), is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to assess the heart’s structure and function. On the one hand, it allows for a meticulous assessment of cardiac function, including measuring ejection fraction (EF), blood flow through heart valves and ventricular contraction, and on the other, it makes it possible to assess the anatomy and function of blood vessels associated with the heart, such as the aorta and coronary arteries. This helps detect vascular abnormalities, aneurysms, and obstructions that can compromise cardiac function. Indeed, this technique helps diagnose and monitor the progression of heart diseases, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and valvulopathies. An echocardiogram (or cardiac ultrasound) can identify structural heart abnormalities such as cardiomegaly, congenital heart defects, valvular vegetations, arteriovenous shunts, and intracardiac thrombi, providing crucial information for diagnosing and treating such conditions.